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RESEARCH AND PROFESSIONAL LINKS
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome as an Expression
of Muscular Dysfunction in the Neck
Daniel L. Skubick, Robert Clasby, C.C. Stuart Donaldson,
and Wilma M. Marshall
ABSTRACT: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) may be a consequence
of increased forearm flexor activity secondary to muscle dysfunction
in the neck. Eighteen CTS patients, with an average duration of
symptoms of 10 months, were studied. Standardized nerve-conduction
studies were administered before and after treatment. Surface-EMG
techniques measured sternomastoid and cervical paraspinal muscle
activity and flexor and extensor muscle activity during head movement.
Both sets of neck muscles were found to be asymmetrical when compared
side to side. Reduction of the sternomastoid asymmetry decreased
forearm flexor EMG activity. Significant decreases in all nerve
conduction measures were noted for every subject. Over half reported
a loss of symptoms with post hoc analysis suggesting this may be
related to the sternomastoid median frequency. It is suggested that
increased flexor and/or extensor motor activity is an expression
of dysfunctional sternomastoid activity. Possible mechanisms of
dysfunction including the tonic neck reflex are discussed.
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, Vol. 3, No.
1, 1993.
A Randomized Crossover Investigation of a Back
Pain and
Disability Prevention Program: Possible Mechanisms of Change
C.C. Stuart Donaldson, Linda M. Stanger, Mary W. Donaldson,
Jeffrey Cram, and Daniel L. Skubick
ABSTRACT: An educational program which emphasized the
symmetrical use of back muscles was studied at a health care facility
which had extremely high time lost injury rates due to back strains.
Participants (N = 180) were involved with half studying an educational
program entitled "Back to Balance" with the remainder serving as
controls. After 3 months, the controls studied the program. All
subjects completed psychological tests, received cervical and lumbar
paraspinal dynamic EMG evaluations four times (pre- and post-treatment,
and after 3 and 12 months). Administrative indices (costs, incidence,
and time lost injury rate) were obtained for the 3 years prior to
the study and for the 1 year of the study. The 1-year results showed
decreased pain, retained knowledge which was generalized to the
home, and significantly improved symmetry of both sets of muscles.
Administrative data revealed a 72% decrease in the time lost injury
rate with reduced costs.
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, Vol. 3, No. 2, 1993.
Randomized Study of the Application of Single Motor
Unit
Biofeedback Training to Chronic Low Back Pain
Stuart Donaldson, David Romney, Mary Donaldson, and
Daniel Skubick
ABSTRACT: The application of single motor unit biofeedback
training (SMUBT) techniques was compared to traditional therapies
in treating chronic low back pain (CLBP). Thirty-six volunteers
(who experienced daily pain for 7 years in the T8 to S1 area) were
randomly assigned to one of three treatments; SMUBT, relaxation
training, or an educational program. The pain level and electromyographic
activity of all subjects were assessed by a person blind to the
treatment; before, immediately after, and 90 days after treatment.
The SMUBT group reported immediately decreased pain which was maintained
at 90 days, the relaxation group showed no changes, while the education
group reported decreased pain at 90 days. The EMG results showed
decreased amplitude and bilateral differences for the SMUBT and
education groups. A 4-year follow-up revealed the SMUBT group remained
symptom free. Implications and discussion of the results concludes
the paper.
Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, Vol. 4, No.
1, 1994.
The Evaluation of Trigger-Point Activity
Using Dynamic EMG Techniques
C.C. Stuart Donaldson, Daniel L. Skubick, Robert G.
Clasby, and Jeffrey R. Cram
ABSTRACT: Electrophysiologic data pertaining to trigger
points (TPs) is minimal and there do not appear to have been any
studies using dynamic surface electromyographic (sEMG) techniques.
Ninety-five subjects suffering from headaches were referred to a
neurology practice. Neurologic examination in all cases was negative.
Eight subjects were disqualified from the study for psychologic
reasons. The remainder demonstrated active TPs in either the sternomastoid
or upper trapezius muscles or both. When sEMG was used to asses
a flexion/extension movement, symptomatic muscles showed a higher
maximum amplitude than asymptomatic muscles. In addition, symptomatic
muscles showed a greater bilateral difference in maximum sEMG amplitude
than asymptomatic muscles. An sEMG bilateral difference of more
than 20% differentiated sufferers with TPs from those without TPs
in 80% of cases. Unilateral TPs corresponded 100% of the time to
the higher sEMG reading.
American Journal of Pain Management, Vol. 4, No.
3, pp.118-122, 1994.
Reprints may be obtained from Dr. Donaldson at: myo@cadvision.com
Disinhibition in the Gamma Motoneuron Circuitry:
A Neglected Mechanism for Understanding Myofascial Pain Syndromes?
C.C. Stuart Donaldson, David V. Nelson, and Robert
Schulz
ABSTRACT: Dysregulation in the gamma motoneuron circuitry
is proposed as one mechanism to explain the development of trigger
point activity in myofascial pain syndrome. Dysregulation in this
context is defined operationally as significantly (and functionally)
different levels of electrical activity detected in the same muscle
on the left and right sides of the body that is persistently present
with movement of that muscle. Neurophysiological concepts as they
pertain to muscles and motor control principles are reviewed. Research
is integrated that ties together material from diverse fields of
psychology and medicine. Dysregulation in the gamma motoneuron circuitry
may lead to disinhibition of muscle that causes it to remain hyperactive
after contraction, generate excessive electrical activity during
movement, and/or inappropriately coactivate with other muscles during
movement. Any or all of these phenomena may occur with dysregulation.
Such dysregulation may be corrected by learning. Immediate clinical
implications are discussed, including the addition of specifically
targeted neuromuscular retraining procedures via surface electromyography,
as well as some conceptual and research issues that require further
clarification.
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Vol. 23,
No. 1, pp. 43-57, 1998.
Potential Contributions of Neck Muscle Dysfunctions
to Initiation
and Maintenance of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
C.C. Stuart Donaldson, David V. Nelson, Daniel L.
Skubick, and Robert G. Clasby
ABSTRACT: A biomechanical perspective of the carpal
tunnel (CT) is reviewed that lends itself to an understanding of
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) from a broader pathophysiological perspective
than focusing narrowly or solely on nerve disturbance in the extremity.
A wider integration of physiological systems in the etiology and
maintenance of CTS is proposed that links muscular dysfunction in
the neck and possibly elsewhere to dysfunction at the CT. A significant
subset of individuals who develop CTS have a primary contribution
from muscular dysfunctions rather distal to the CT itself. Neurophysiological
dysregulation of normal inhibitory feedback at the level of the
motoneuron pool specifically involving gamma motoneuron impulses
may be a primary contributing mechanism. Empirical demonstration
of amelioration of CTS symptoms by means of surface electromyography
(sEMG) retraining of dysfunctional neck muscle patterns is reviewed
as support for the hypothesized link. The specific retraining techniques
are described. Future conceptual and research directions are noted.
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, Vol. 23,
No. 1, pp. 59-72, 1998.
Fibromyalgia: A Retrospective Study of 252 Consecutive
Referrals
C.C. Stuart Donaldson, Gabriel E. Sella, and Horst
H. Mueller
ABSTRACT: Fibromyalgia is thought to be prevalent in
up to 10% of musculoskeletal complaints. However, objective evidence
to rule it out from other conditions is not yet satisfactory. The
present study shows that there are EEG spectrum changes in fibromyalgia
patients. These changes are reversible with EEG neurofeedback treatment.
They are followed by overall symptomatic improvement. The presence
of a specific test for differential diagnosis, i.e., EEG pattern
predominance may be useful in the field of disability medicine.
The medical examiners may use it to rule out the true symptomatic
presentations of fibromyalgia from that of simulation or symptom
magnification.
Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol. 5, No.
6, pp.116-125., 1998.
Reprints may be obtained from Dr. Donaldson at: myo@cadvision.com
or Dr. Mueller at: myoed@telusplanet.com
The Pain of Fibromyalgia: A Message for the Practitioner
C.C. Stuart Donaldson
ABSTRACT: Fibromyalgia is a painful condition that can
be classified as chronic benign pain. Careful listening to the pain
reports reveals two patterns of pain: general and localized. By
studying psychological test results, pain diagrams, and changes
in pain patterns during treatment, inferences may be made as to
the sources of pain and related mechanisms. By careful listening
to patients' pain reports and not dismissing these as hysterical
manifestations of underlying psychological conflicts, the pain practitioner
can learn much about the patient and their dysfunction.
Biofeedback, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp.11-12., 1999.
Treatment of Fibromyalgia
Incorporating EEG-Driven Stimulation:
A Clinical Outcomes Study.
Horst H. Mueller, C.C. Stuart Donaldson, David Nelson, and Melissa
Layman
ABSTRACT: Thirty patients from a private clinical practice who met
the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria for fibromyalgia
syndrome (FS) were followed prospectively through a brainwave-based
intervention known as electroencephalograph (EEG)-driven stimulation
or EDS. Patients were initially treated with EDS until they reported
noticeable improvements in mental clarity, mood, and sleep. Self-reported
pain, then, having changed from vaguely diffuse to more specifically
localized, was treated with very modest amounts of physically oriented
therapies. Pre- to posttreatment and extended follow-up comparisons
of psychological and physical functioning indices, specific FS symptom
ratings, and EEG activity revealed statistically significant improvements.
EDS appeared to be the prime initiator of therapeutic efficacy. Future
research is justified for controlled clinical trials and to better
understand disease mechanisms.
Journal of Clinical Psychology,
Vol. 57, No. 7, pp. 933-952
Reprints may be obtained from Dr. Donaldson at: myo@cadvision.com
or Dr. Mueller at: myoed@telusplanet.com
Synopsis of Scientific Articles
© Copyright 1991 by Synetic Systems Inc. All rights
are reserved. As appeared in: The Science of Light and Sound. Theta
Technologies, Inc. Fall City, Washington. Reproduced here with permission.
Dr. Norman Shealy, Dr. Richard Cox In `Pain Reduction and Relaxation
with Brain Wave Synchronization (Photo-Stimulation). Study performed
by the Forest Institute of Professional Psychology, Springfield,
Missouri, 1990, 9pp.
Cerebral synchronization was obtained with photic stimulation devices
and tested on more than 5,000 patients suffering from chronic pain
and stress-symptoms during the `80s. A detailed study on 92 patients
indicated that 88 obtained relaxation results higher than 60% after
30- minute sessions at 10 hz. Thirty patients had sessions in Theta
(5 hz) and experienced relaxation states of 50-100% after five minutes
as well as improved pain relief. Eight patients had blood tests
before and after the sessions and showed improved beta-endorphin
levels of 10-50%. All of these relaxation results are improved when
combining the photic stimulation with relaxation audio tapes.
Dr. Roger K. Cady, Dr. Norman Shealy in "Neurochemical
Responses to Cranial Electrical Stimulation and Photo-Stimulation
via Brain Wave Synchronization."Study performed by the Shealy
Institute of Comprehensive Health Care, Springfield, Missouri, 1990,
11 pp.:
Eleven patients had peridural and blood analysis performed before
and after the relaxation sessions using flash emitting goggles.
An average increase of beta-endorphin levels of 25% and serotonin
levels of 21% were registered. The beta-endorphin levels are comparative
to those obtained by cranial electrical stimulation (CES). This
indicates a potential decrease of depression related symptoms when
using photic stimulation.
Dr. Thomas Budzynski in "Biofeedback and the Twilight States
of Consciousness," in G.E. Schwartz and D. Shapiro eds., Consciousness
and Self-Regulation, vol. 1, New York, Plenum 1976 and non-published
studies at the Biofeedback Institute of Denver, 1980:
Using a first-generation prototype, Dr. Budzynski concluded that
"these devices produce a distinct relaxation state. Programming
the device between 3 and 7 hz, it takes about 10 to 15 minutes for
the patients to enter--effortlessly-a state of hypnosis. They terminate
the sessions relaxed and with a feeling of well-being." Also,
"the device has a calming effect on nervous or anxious patients.
In a majority of cases the patients feel relaxed and calm during
a period of three to four days after the session. It happens that
the subjects have a reminiscence of childhood experiences, particularly
when in Theta. They related their experiences which we incorporated
into our psychotherapeutic program."
Dr. Roman Chrucky, Medical Director of North Jersey Development
Center in Totowa, New Jersey:
"The machine works like a tranquilizer and the effect lasts
for several days. Using the machines in Theta frequency, clients
are very receptive to suggestions on behavioral aspects such as
reducing tobacco, alcohol and food consumptions." Dr. Chrucky
also noted during his conversations with patients that many "were
more creative during the sessions."
Dr. Gene W. Brockopp, Review of Research on Multi-Modal Sensory
Stimulation with Clinical Implications and Research Proposals (non-published,1984):
Dr. Brockopp analyzed audio-visual Brain stimulation and in particular
hemispheric synchronization during EEG monitoring. "By inducing
hemispheric coherence the machine can contribute to improved intellectual
functioning of the brain. Like children spending most of their time
in Theta, the machine allows a reduction in learning time. With
adults a return into Theta allows them to rediscover childhood experiences.
The machine is like a `lost and found office' for the subconscious."
Dr. Brockopp conclusion is that dissipative structures allow the
mind-via audio-visual stimulation-to abandon certain present neurological
structures in order to maintain a higher, more coherent and flexible
state of consciousness, thus allowing for improved communication
of neuro-entities.
Dr. Norman Thomas and David Siever, University of Alberta, Florida.
Several publications, notably: The Effect of Repetitive Audio/Visual
Stimulation in Skeletomotor and Vasomotor Activity, 1989:
"We stimulated one of two groups of 30 people with a brain-
stimulation device to test relaxation levels, using 10 hz frequency
while observing their muscular tension with an EMG and their index
skin temperature. The second group had to relax without machines
via traditional means of autosuggestion. Most of the people in the
second group said they felt relaxed while demonstrating greater
tension (EMG) and lower skin temperatures, both of which are stress
and nervous tension indicators. The group using the machine obtained
deep relaxation state going beyond the programmed 15 minutes. EMG
curves confirmed relaxation of the cortex due to the frequency adoption
response."
These findings were also verified by James Greene and Dr. E.J.
Baukus of FOCUS Human Research Development in Bourdonnais, Illinois.
The muscular tension curve of the trapezius muscle during a MindsEyeTM
(audio-visual mind-machine) indicative of deep muscular relaxation.
Dr. Robert Cosgrove, Jr. of the anesthesia department of Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, proceeded in
1988 with multiple experiences with the same devices and concluded
that states of deep relaxation are obtained with these machines.
"We are very optimistic about the possibilities of calming
our patients before and after surgery. By the way, we already treat
chronic stress affected patients. Thus, our EEG analysis shows that
optimal cerebral functioning can be obtained with regular use of
such audio-visual apparatus. The machines could eventually slow
the decreasing cerebral performance with the elderly. This type
of machine could 'revolutionize neurology and medicine.'"
Elisabeth Philipos, Pepperdine University, California, and James
McGaugh, University of California, Irvine, have tested the effects
of Theta frequencies on learning. During their study a group of
20 students learned 1,800 words of Bulgarian in 120 hours while
using Theta stimulation programs. In about 1/3 of normal time they
spoke and wrote the new language.
Dale S. Foster of Memphis State University, "EEG and Subjective
Correlates of Alpha Frequency Binaural Beats Stimulation Combined
with Alpha Biofeedback," 1988:
Mr. Foster's conclusions indicate that the combination of binaural
sounds with audio-visual stimulation machines allow access into
Alpha states of consciousness much faster than with traditional
biofeedback techniques.
D.J. Anderson, B.Sc., M.B., "The Treatment of Migraine
with Variable Frequency Photo-Stimulation," in Headache, March
1989, pp 154-155:
D.J. Anderson used photo-stimulating goggles with variable frequency
using red LEDs in order to stimulate the optic nerve, through closed
eyes, right and left with frequencies between 0.5 and 50 hz. The
study included seven patients who suffered a total of more than
50 migraines during the observation period. Forty-nine of these
migraines were relieved (either by reducing the average duration
or by increasing the frequency interval in between migraine crisis)
and 36 other migraines could be stopped while using the goggles.
Dr. Glen D. Solomon, "Slow Wave Photic Stimulation in the
Treatment of Headache-A Preliminary Report," in Headache, November
1985, pp 444-447:
Dr. Solomon works for the Department of Internal Medicine at the
U.S. Air Force Medical Center in Scott, Illinois, where 24 patients
with chronic headaches and migraines were treated with photic stimulation
apparatus at 5-8 hz frequency. Fourteen of 15 patients with sustained
headaches and 5 of 6 patients with chronic headaches noticed complete
relief after the treatment. Four patients treated with the same
photo- stimulation apparatus showed no reaction.
Bruce Harrah-Confort, Ph.D., Indiana University, "Alpha
and Theta Response to the MindsEye Plus," 1990:
The study included 15 persons between the ages of 24 and 38 years
old who were asked to relax via auto-suggestion with headphones
dispensing a synthetic sound (100 cycles at 60 hz) and then to use
the audio-visual stimulator MindsEye PlusTM. EEG graphic analysis
showed that the first relaxation method did not alter the EEG-trace
significantly vs. normal. MindsEye Plus users had, however, strongly
improved Alpha and Theta tracings and experienced profound relaxation.
There were also signs that would validate hemispheric synchronization
during the experience.
Joseph Glickson, Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University,
"Photic Driving and Altered States of Consciousness: An Exploratory
Study," in Imagination, Cognition and Personality, vol. 6(2),
1986-87, pp 167-182:
Four persons were exposed to photic stimulation in the 18, 10 and
6 hz ranges. A frequency response was established by two subjects
during the initial session according to EEG measurements. These
persons had an altered state of consciousness, and reported their
visual and auditive experiences. The two other subjects had similar
experiences during follow-on sessions. The study concludes that
photic entrainment provokes altered states of consciousness according
to the applied frequencies.
Paul Williams and Michael West, Department of Psychological
Medicine, University Hospital of Wales and University of Wales Institute
of Science and Technology, Cardiff, Wales, "EEG Responses to
Photic Stimulation in Persons Experienced in Meditation," in
Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 1975, 39, pp
519-522:
Williams and West tested photic entrainment on two test groups
of 10 people. The test group produced significantly more Alpha waves
and has smaller Alpha blocking compared to the control group familiar
with traditional meditation techniques. Alpha induction was realized
faster and more frequently within the test vs. the control group.
Tsuyoshi Inouye, Noboru Sumitsuji and Kazuo Matsumoto, Department
of Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University Medical School, Japan, "EEG
Changes Induced by Light Stimuli Modulated with the Subject's Alpha
Rhythm," in Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,
1980, 49, pp 135-142:
Seven of nine persons undergoing the test obtained occipital Alpha
of both hemispheres and concurrently coherence and phase between
right and left occipital EEG. These results tend to confirm a hemispheric
synchronization tendency by subjects using photic stimulation in
the 10 hz (Alpha frequency) range.
Ronald Lesser, Hans Luders, G. Klem and Dudley Dinner, Department
of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, "Visual Potentials
Evoked by Light- Emitting Diodes Mounted in Goggles," in Cleveland
Clinic Quarterly, vol. 52, No. 2, Summer 1985, pp. 223-228:
A comparison of stimulation by strobiscopic lights and LED diodes
shows that both methods have similar effects. LED stimulation may
be preferable in intensive care units or during surgery because
the type of stimulus is less disturbing.
Takeo Takahashi and Yasuo Tsukahara, Department of Neuropsychiatry
of Tohoku University School of Medicine, Tohoku, Japan, "Influence
of Red Light and Pattern on Photic Driving;' in Tohoku Journal of
Experimental Medicine, 1979, 127, pp. 45-52:
With a study group of 108 persons the authors conclude that red
LED generated luminescent impulses provoke better entrainment than
white stroboscopic lights.
Richard E. Townsend, Ph.D. of Neuropsychiatric Research, U.S.
Naval Hospital in San Diego, "A Device for Generation and Presentation
of Modulated Light Stimuli," in Electroencephalography and
Clinical Neurophysiology, 1973, 34, pp 97-99:
The author describes a system allowing generation and presentation
of modulated light stimuli with variable frequencies and wave forms.
He concludes the possibilities of stimulation and positive responses
during sleep-preparation and insomnia troubles.
Dr. William Harris, Director of the Penwell Foundation, USA
in 1990: Preliminary studies with audio-visual brain stimulators
used by patients with AIDS indicate that "the devices are extremely
efficient in terms of providing mental clarity, improved sleeping
patterns (for sleep preparation and sleep duration) allowing for
better physical disintoxication by the liver. The apparatus also
stimulates immunology functions through states of deep relaxation."
Alan Richardson and Fiona McAndrew, Department of Psychology,
University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia, "The
Effects of Photic Stimulation and Private Self-consciousness on
the Complexity of Visual Imagination Imagery," in British Journal
of Psychology, 1990, 81 pp. 381-394:
Three levels of photic stimulation (6, 10, 18 hz) were employed
to induce visual imagination imagery in 40 female undergraduates,
half of them with habitual interest in their own internal states
and half without such interest. More complex images would be reported
(1) under the averaged 6 to 10 hz condition, (2) under the 6 vs.
the 10 hz condition, and (3) under the high PSC (Personal Self-Conscious
scale) than under the low PSC condition. The study concludes that
further studies on guided imagery will be undertaken.
Dr. Olivier Carreau, Saint-Louis Hospital in Paris, on "Efficiency
of the MindsEye Plus audio-visual stimulator in treatment of the
psoriasis during puvatherapy," study completed in January 1991.
Dr. Carreau analyzed 20 patients over a period of five months.
Patients were treated one per week alternately via UVA and audio-visual
stimulation (30-minute sessions) for psychosomatic skin disorders.
All patients experienced deep relaxation during the sessions and
had a feeling of well-being during the entire day. Five patients
claimed that this feeling lasted for the following 2-3 days. Patients
with combined therapy did better than with puvatherapy alone.
Other Studies Studies Currently Underway
University of Illinois: Sport performance, stress reduction and
gerontologic research.
San Francisco State University: Effect of brain stimulation on
toxicomania.
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston: Audio-visual brain stimulation
and anti-dependency.
University of Alberta: Pain reduction via audio-visual stimulation.
University of Iowa: Accelerated learning and Alpha/Theta stimulation.
University of Vienna, Austria: Study realized by Dr. T. Wenzel
of the Clinical Hospital for Psychiatry on the influence of audio-visual
stimulation on psychosomatic problems.
University of Zurich, Switzerland: Professor Dr. Dittrich on theory
and practice of audio-visual stimulation in therapy.
University of Giessen, Germany: Professor Dr. Prehn on neurological
correlations of cerebral stimulation technology (measurements with
SQUID).
Verein FOCUS, Vienna, Austria: Dr. Kapellner on the effects of
deep relaxation and the access of subconsciousness during psychiatric
treatment.
Dr. Jacques Puichaud, UPEA, La Rochelle, France: On the effects
of MindsEye Plus relaxation sessions compared to other methods while
treating adolescent depression.
University of Essen, Germany: Dr. Bittner on accelerated learning
and Theta frequencies: effects on intelligence and relaxation.
Dr. Bernard Ferracci, psychiatrist, Paris, France: On brain-frequency
stimulation with the CourierTM and insomnia.
Dr. Yann Rougier, neuropsychiatrist, Lyon, France: On audio-visual
stimulation devices in therapeutic treatment.
Innerspace Therapy Center, Los Gatos, California: Dr. Ammon-Wexler
on the efficiency of audio-visual stimulation in anti-drug treatments.
Julian Isaacs, Ph.D. and Megabrain, Inc., San Francisco are currently
studying the effects of audio-visual brain stimulation with electronic
24- channel EEG. Preliminary conclusions indicate that these devices
are particularly efficient for Alpha state of consciousness entrainment,
in particular with high-intensity LEDs (red or white).
For more information contact andrewc@ecst.csuchico.edu
Research Abstract Index
Research is listed by primary investigator, title and year. Click
on the title of your choice to view the abstract.
- Kennerly, Richard.
Presented at the International Society for Neuronal Regulation
annual conference, September 18-21, 2003 in Houston, Texas.
- Smith, Ray B. The Use of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation
In the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. The Original Internist,
9(3):25-28, September, 2002.
- Smith, Ray B. Microcurrent therapies: emerging theories of
physiological information processing. NeuroRehabilitaion,
17(1):3-7, 2002.
- Kirsch, Daniel L.
Summarized here and presented in detail in the book The
Science Behind Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation, 2nd Ed.,
Medical Scope Publishing Corporation, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,
2002.
- Kirsch, Daniel L.,
Chapter 61 in Pain Management: A Practical Guide for Clinicians
(the textbook of the American Academy of Pain Management) edited
by Richard S. Weiner, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2002.
- Tomaszek, David E., & Morehead, Kenneth.
2001.
- Kulkarni, Arun D. & Smith, Ray B.
Clinical Practice of Alternative Medicine. 2(2):99-102,
2001.
- Lichtbroun, Alan S., Raicer, Mei-Ming C., and Smith, Ray B.
Journal of Clinical Rheumatology, 7(2):72-78, 2001.
Presented at the Fifteenth Annual International Symposium on Acupuncture
and Electro-Therapeutics, Columbia University, New York, October
1999.
- Smith, Ray B.
American Journal of Pain Management, 11(2):62-66, 2001.
- Tyers, Steve and Smith, Ray B.
The American Chiropractor, 23(2):39-41, 2001.
- Kirsch, Daniel L. & Smith, Ray B.
NeuroRehabilitation, 14(2):85-94, 2000.
- Sizer P, Sawyer S, Brismee J, Jones K*, Bruce J*, Slauterbeck
J., Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and *University
Medical Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA.
Presented at the American Physical Therapy Association Annual
Conference and Exposition, Indianapolis, Indiana; June, 2000.
- Clark, Nancy, Mills, Daniel & Marchant, Jeremy.
DeMontfort University Equestrian Centre and Field Station,
Caythorpe, Lincolnshire, United Kingdom. January, 2000.
- Tan, Gabriel, Monga, Trilok, and Thornby, John.
American Journal of Pain Management, 10(1):35-44, 2000.
Unedited abstract with rebuttal to the editor.
- Smith, Ray B,
Journal of Cognitive Rehabilitation, 17(6):14-18, 1999.
- Dr. McClure, Ken Morehead, Ray Smith.
October, 1999.
- Schroeder, Mark James.
Doctoral dissertation, The Graduate School of the University
of Texas at Austin, 191 Pages, 1999.
- Winick, Reid L.
General Dentistry, 47(1):50-55, 1999.
- Overcash, Stephen J.
American Journal of Electromedicine, 16(1):49-51, 1999.
- Alpher, Elliott J., et. al.
American Journal of Pain Management, 8(4):124-128,
1998. Presented at the Ninth Annual Clinical Meeting of the American
Academy of Pain Management, Atlanta, Georgia, September, 1998.
- Heffernan, Michael.
Canadian Journal of Clinical Medicine, 4(10):4-11,
1997.
- Heffernan, Michael.
Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science, 31(3):202-209,
1996.
- Heffernan, Michael.
The Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients, 147:60-64,
1995. Presented at the Eighth International Montreux Congress
on Stress, Montreux Switzerland, February 1996.
- Voris, Marshall D., et. al., and Good, Shirley.
Medical Scope Monthly, 3(11):14-18, 1996.
- Voris, Marshall D.
Delos Mind/Body Institute, Dallas and Corpus Cristi, Texas,
1995.
- May, Brad, et. al.
August, 1993.
- Smith, Ray B, et. al.
Journal of Current Therapeutic Research, 51(2):249-253,
1992.
- King, GE, et al.
Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 62(3):331-334, 1989.
Also published in the book, Emerging Electromagnetic Medicine,
283-289, edited by ME O'Conner, RHC Bentall and JC Monahan, Springer
Verlag, New York, 1990.
- Brotman, Philip.
American Journal of Electromedicine, 6(5):120-123,
1989. Doctoral dissertation, City University Los Angeles, 117
pages, 1986.
- Zimmerman, Stephen I, et. al.
Medical Electronics, 117:108-120, June 1989. Doctoral
dissertation (SZ), City University Los Angeles, 284 pages, 1987.
- Boswell, NS.
Medical Electronics, 115:105-107, February, 1989.
- Overcash, Stephen J, et. al.
American Journal of Electromedicine, 6(2):105-111,
1989.
- Madden, R, et. al.
American Journal of Electromedicine, 4(2):41-45, 1987.
Doctoral dissertation, City University Los Angeles, 95 pages,
1987. Presented at The New Brain Technologies and Accelerated
Learning Conference at the University of Hawaii, April, 1987.
- Engelberg, M, et. al.
Laryngoscope, 95(10):1,167-1,173, 1985. Presented at
the Meeting of the Southern Section of the American Laryngological,
Rhinological and Otological Society, New Orleans, Louisiana, January,
1985.
- Nolan, FF. T
Masters thesis, The University of Texas, Health Science Center
at Houston, Dental Branch, 49 pages, 1985.
- Boswell, NS, et. al.
American Journal of Electromedicine, 2(3), 1985. Presented
at the International Conference on Head and Neck Cancer, Baltimore,
Maryland, July, 1984.
- Gibson, Thomas H, et. al.
American Journal of Electromedicine, 4(1):18-21, 1987.
Doctoral dissertation (TG), California School of Professional
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